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I MEW YORK INSPECTION. 1 

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RULES 

FOR THE 

INSPECTION OF HARDWOODS 

YELLOW PINE AND CYPRESS 

ADOPTED BY THE 

New York Lumber, Trade Association. 



PUBLISHED ONLY BY 



THE NEW YORK LUMBER TRADE JOURNAL/^ 



18 Broadway, New York. 






Copyright by the N. Y. Lumber Trade Association, 1893. 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 




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Copyrighted 1893, by The New York Lumber Trade Associa- 
tion. [ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.] 

NEW YORK INSPECTION. 

(ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.) 



RULES FOR THE INSPECTION OF HARDWOODS ADOPTED 

BY THE NEW YORK LUMBER TRADE ASSOCIATION, 

April 12, 1893. 



GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS, 

The question of determining the quality of lumber by grading 
and inspection is so much a matter of judgment, that the inspector 
must necessarily be guided in a measure by his own discretion, gov- 
erned by the following rules : 

In inspecting all lumber, both sides of the piece shall be taken 
into consideration, in making the grade. 

In Firsts and Seconds, where the percentage of Firsts and Seconds 
is not agreed upon between buyer and seller, they shall contain not 
less than 60 per cent. Firsts. 

A Standard Knot is not to exceed V/± inches in diameter, and must 
be sound. 

Larger and loose knots grade the piece of lumber lower, in accord- 
ance with the judgment of the inspector. 

Splits are not to exceed 12 inches in length in firsts, or one-sixth 
the length of the piece in seconds, in the aggregate, and not more 
than 25 per cent, of the whole in either quality may be so split. 

Worm Holes not admitted in firsts and seconds, except as other- 
wise provided. 

Shakes and heart boards and plank are not admitted in firsts, sec- 
onds, or rejects. 

Warped, twisted, flooded, stained, and stick- rotted lumber, is mar- 
ketable only by special agreement. 



CAI'I 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 



Tapering lumber shall be measured one-third of its length from 
the narrow end, except as otherwise provided. 

Thickness.— All lumber must be sawed square-edged and be full 
thickness when seasoned. 

All badly sawn, missawn, and uneven lumber shall be classed as culls, 
except when such will dress down the full length and width to the 
thickness below, in which case the piece shall be reduced one grade. 

Lumber sawn for specific purposes, and dimension stock, must 
conform to the requirements of size and quality for the purposes 
intended, and be so inspected and measured. 

Mill culls are not marketable, except by special arrangement. 

Log run is understood to be the run of the unpicked logs, mill culls 
out. 

Standard lengths are to be 12, II, and 16 feet, admitting 10 per cent, 
of 10 feet lengths. 

Standard lengths in Walnut and Cherry will admit 5 per cent, of 8 
and 10 per cent, of 10 feet lengths, 8 feet lengths 10 inches and wider 
to be clear and graded as firsts, and 8 to 9 inches clear and graded as 
seconds. 

Newels, from all kinds of timber, are to be cut outside the heart to 
square 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 inches when seasoned. 

Balusters.— To be cut exactly square, full size, and clear, and to be 
75 per cent. 32 inches long ; 25 per cent, may be 28 inches long. 



In the following rules, all widths and lengths mentioned shall be 
inclusive. 

ASH. 
grades.— Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width. 
8 to 10 inches wide shall be clear. 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
15 inches and over wide will admit two standard knots. 

Bright sap allowed. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear. 
8 to 10 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit two standard knots. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 



15 inches and over wide will admit three standard knots. 

Heart, or doted boards and plank, will not be admitted in firsts 
and seconds. 

Rejects, 6 inches and over wide, shall include all lumber not equal 
to the grade of seconds, three-quarters of each piece being mer- 
chantable. 

8 feet lengths,inspecting equal to firsts and seconds, shall grade as 
rejects. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of rejects, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall 
be classed as mill culls. 

STRIPS. 

3 to 5 inches wide shall be clear, or clear one side. 

ASH squares.— 4 in. x 4 in. to 12 in. x 12 in. square. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound and free 
from knots and checks, and of full size when seasoned. 

Splits to be measured off. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes and checks. 
8 feet lengths shall be admitted if clear. 
10 and 12 feet lengths admit one standard knot. 
14 and 16 feet lengths admit two standard knots. 

Bright sap admitted. 

Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 



ASH, SECOND GROWTH. 

Sawed through and through, and rough edged, shall be measured 
inside the wane, and in the center of the piece. 



BASSWOOD. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 
Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width. 
8 to 10 inches wide shall be clear. 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
15 inches and over wide will admit two standard knots. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 



Seconds are to be 6 inches and oyer in width. 
6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear. 
8 to 10 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit two standard knots. 
15 inches and over wide will admit three standard knots. 

Bright sap allowed. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 



BEECH. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width. 
8 to 10 inches wide shall be clear. 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
15 inches and over wide will admit two standard knots. 

Bright sap admitted. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear. 
8 to 10 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit two standard knots. 
15 inches and over wide will admit three standard knots. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 



BIRCH. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width. 
8 to 10 inches wide shall be clear. 
11 to 14 inches will admit one standard knot. 
35 inches and over wide will admit two standard knots. 

One-third bright sap on one side admitted in this grade. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 



8 to 10 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 

11 to 14 inches wide will admit two standard knots. 

15 inches and over wide will admit three standard knots. 

In seconds, bright sap shall not be considered a defect. 

Rejects 5 inches wide shall be clear ; 6 inches and over wide shall in- 
clude all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, three-quarters of 
each piece being merchantable. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of rejects, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 
Birch Squares, 4 x 4 to 10 x 10 in. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound, free from all 
defects, and of full size when seasoned. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes and checks ; 
8 feet lengths shall be admitted if clear. 
10 and 12 feet lengths admit one standard knot. 
14 and 16 feet lengths admit two standard knots. 

Balusters or Joists under 4x4 shall be clear, except bright sap no 
defect. 



BUTTERNUT. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width. 
8 to 10 inches wide shall be clear. 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side not exceeding 

one inch in width, or one standard knot. 
15 inches and over wide will admit bright sap on one side not exceed- 
ing two inches in width, or two standard knots. 

Seconds are be to 6 inches and over in width. 
6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear. 
8 to 10 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit two standard knots. 
15 inches and over wide will admit three standard knots. 

In any widths not more than one-fifth of the surface shall be sappy. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 



CHERRY. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds, Rejects, and Culls. 
Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 to 10 inches wide shall be clear. 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side, not exceeding 

one inch in width, or one standard knot. 
15 inches and over wide will admit bright sap on one side, not ex- 
ceeding two inches in width, or two standard knots. 
Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 to 10 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit two standard- knots. 
15 inches and over wide will admit thi^ee standard knots. 

In any width' not more than one-fifth the surface of one side shall 
be sappy. 

Gum spots shall be deemed a serious defect, and if excessive, shall 
lower the piece one or two grades. 

Rejects are to be 4 inches and over in width. 
4 and 5 inches wide shall be clear, or clear one side. 
6 inches and over in width shall include all lumber not equal to the 
grade of seconds, three-quarters of each piece being merchant- 
able. Heart boards or plank not admitted. 
Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of rejects, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

STRIPS. 

3 to 5 inches wide, 8 feet and over long shall be clear or clear faced. 
cherry squares.— 4 in. x 4 in. to 10 in. x 10 in. 
Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound and free from 
knots and checks, and full size when seasoned. 
Splits to be measured off. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts and shakes. 
8 feet lengths shall be admitted if clear. 
10 and 12 feet lengths admit one standard knot and two inches of 

sap on two corners. 
14 and 16 feet lengths will admit two standard knots and two inches 
of sap on two corners. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 13 

Gum spots not admitted, except when very slight. 
Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half of 
each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 



CHESTNUT. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width. 
8 to 11 inches wide shall be clear. 
12 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
16 inches and over wide will admit two standard knots. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear. 
8 to 11 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
12 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots. 
16 inches and over wide will admit three standard knots. 

Worm holes in excess of the defects allowed for knots, and stained 
or discolored boards, not admitted. 

Rejects are to be 6 inches and over, and shall include all lumber not 
equal to grade of seconds, three-quarters of each piece being mer- 
chantable. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of rejects, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

SQUARE CHESTNUT. 

4 in. x 4 in. and over square, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet long. 

Merchantable must be straight, sound, free from hearts and 
shakes. 

8 and 10 feet lengths admit two standard knots. 
12, 14 and 16 feet lengths admit three standard knots. 

Must be free from wane, except that will admit one inch wane on 
one corner, one-fourth the length. 

Worm holes in excess of defects allowed for knots not admitted. 

Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of merchantable, 
one-half of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than as above stated are not marketable. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 15 

COTTONWOOD. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width. 
8 to 11 inches wide shall be clear. 
12 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
16 inches and over wide will admit two standard knots. 

Live white sap allowed. 

Seconds are to be 6 inchesand over in width. 
6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear. 
8 to 11 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
12 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots. 
16 inches and over wide will admit three standard knots. 

Bright sap allowed. 

Rejects?) inches wide shall be clear; 6 inches and over wide shall 
include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, three-quarters 
of each piece being merchantable. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of rejects, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 



ELM. 

grades— Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width. 
8 to 11 inches wide shall be clear. 
12 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
16 inches and over wide will admit two standard knots. 

Live white sap allowed. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear. 
8 to 11 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
12 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots. 
16 inches and over wide will admit three standard knots. 

Bright sap allowed. 

Rejects 5 inches wide shall be clear; 6 inches and over wide shall in- 
clude all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, three-quarters of 
each piece being merchantable. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 17 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of rejects, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

GUM. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width. 
8 to 11 inches wide shall be clear. 
12 to 15 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side not exceeding 

one inch in width, or one standard knot. 
16 inches and over wide-vill admit bright sap on one side not exceed- 
ing two inches in width, or two standard knots. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear. 
8 to 11 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
12 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots. 
16 inches and over wide will admit three standard knots. 

In any widths not more than one-fifth the surface of one side shall 
be sappy. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 



GUM, QUARTERED. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Rejects. 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 to 9 inches wide shall be clear. 
10 inches and over wide will admit one standard knot. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 to 9 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
10 inches and over wide will admit two standard knots. 

Sap and doted, or discolored wood, not admitted in firsts and sec- 
onds. 

Rejects shall be 6 inches and over wide, and shall be at least three- 
quarters merchantable. 

Culls not marketable. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 19 

STRIPS 

Shall be 3 to 5 inches wide, and shall be clear or clear one side. 



HICKORY. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width. 
8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear. 
13 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
16 inches and over wide will admit two standard knots. 

Seconds are to be 8 inches and over in width. 
8 to 12 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
13 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots. 
16 inches and over wide will admit three standard knots. 

Bright sap admitted. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 



HICKORY, SECOND GROWTH. 

Sawed through and through and rough edged. Shall be meas- 
ured inside the wane and in the center of the piece. 

MAPLE. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width. 
8 to 11 inches wide shall be clear. 
12 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
16 inches and over wide will admit two standard knots. 

Bright sap allowed. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 and 1 inches wide shall be clear. 
8 to 11 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
12 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots. 
16 inches and over wide will admit three standard knots. 

Bright sap allowed. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 21 

Heart, or doted, boards and plank, will not be admitted in firsts 
and seconds. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half 
of each piece being- merchantable. 

Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 
maple squares.— 4 in. x 4 in. to 10 in. x 10 in. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound and free from 
all defects, and of full size when seasoned. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes and checks. 
8 feet lengths shall be admitted if clear. 

10 and 12 feet lengths admit one standard knot. 

14 and 16 feet lengths admit two standard knots. 
Bright sap admitted. 

Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half of 
each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

OAK.-(plain) 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. 
Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width. 
8 to 10 inches wide shall be clear. 

11 to 14 inches wide will admit one standard knot or equal defect. 

15 inches and over wide will admit two standard knots or equal de- 

fect. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear. 

8 to 10 inches wide will admit one standard knot or equal defect. 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit two standard knots or equal defect. 
15 inches and over wide will admit three standard knots or equal 
defect. 

Live sap admitted on one side, not to exceed one-fifth of the sur- 
face, if without other defects. A worm hole in Plain Oak shall be 
considered a defect equal to a standard knot. 

Rejects are to be 5 inches and over in width. 

5 inches wide shall be clear. 

6 inches and over in width shall include all lumber not equal to the 

grade of seconds, three-quarters of each piece being mer- 
chantable. Heart boards and plank not admitted. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 23 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of rejects, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

Oak sawed through and through, not edged, shall be measured in- 
side the wane, and tapering pieces are to be measured at the narrow- 
end. 

oak squares.— 4 in. x 4 in. to 10 in. x 10 in. square. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound and free from 
knots and checks, and of full size when seasoned. 

Splits to be measured off. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes, and checks. 
8 feet lengths shall be admitted if clear. 
10 and 12 feet lengths, admit one standard knot. 
14 and 16 feet lengths admit two standard knots. 

Bright sap admitted. 

Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 



OAK, SHIPPING. 

Shipping grade of Oak to be a grade of first and seconds. To 
run 10 inches and over wide ; 12, 14 and 16 feet long. To be free 
from hearts, shakes, rotten or loose knots, bunch or slug worm holes. 

Square edge free from wane. 

Scattering pin worm holes shall be admitted. 

Splits, not to exceed 12 inches in any piece, will be accepted in this 
grade. 

OAK, QUARTERED. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Rejects. 
Quartered Oak shall show some figure on one face. 
Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 to 8 inches wide shall be clear. 

9 inches and over in width will admit one standard knot, or equal 
defect. 
Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 to 8 inches wide will admit one standard knot, or equal defect. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 25 

9 inches and over in width will admit two standard knots, or equal 
defects. 

A worm hole shall be considered a defect equal to a standard knot. 

Rejects shall be 6 inches and over wide, three-quarters of each 
piece being merchantable. 

STRIPS. 

3 to 5 inches wide, shall be clear, or clear one face. 

If tapering, to be measured at narrow end. 

Parallel edge strips shall be measured in half -inch widths. 



POPLAR .-(WHITE WOOD.) 

grades.— -Firsts, Seconds, Sap Clear, Common and Cull. 

Firsts, 1 inch to 2 inches in thickness, shall be 8 inches and upward 
wide and clear up to 10 inches in width. 

11 inches, 1 inch of bright sap will be allowed. 

12, 13, 14 and 15 inches wide, 2 inches of bright sap will be allowed, 
or 1 standard knot. 

16 inches and over in width, 3 inches of bright sap on one edge 
will be allowed, or two standard knots. 

Seconds, 1 inch to 2 inches in thickness, shall be 8 inches and up- 
ward in width, and at 8 and 9 inches wide will admit of 1 inch of 
bright sap, but no other defects. 

10 and 11 inches wide will admit of 2 inches of bright sap or 
one standard knot. 

12, 13, 14 and 15 inches wide will admit of 3 inches of bright sap 
and one standard knot, or two standard knots if there is no sap. 

16 inches and over will admit of 5 inches of bright sap and 1 
standard knot ; if there is no sap, then three standard knots will be 
admitted. 

23^ inch and up, 1st and 2d poplar shall be 10 inches and over 
wide. 

%> H, %, M 1st and 2d clear shall be 10 inches and over wide and 
contain not less than 75 per cent. lsts. 

Sap clear shall be sound, 5 inches and over in width, and free from 
all defects except white sap. 

Common shall include any width not less than 5 inches, and will 
allow bright sap or one-third discolored sap on one side. Two un- 
sound knots will be allowed in this grade if over 12 inches wide, or 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 27 

one sound knot in excess of those allowed in seconds if without dis- 
colored sap, and straight splits not over one-third the length shall 
be admitted ; otherwise lumber must be sound. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of common, one- 
half of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

POPLAR, QUARTERED. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds. 
Firsts, 6 to 8 inches wide, shall be clear. 

9 inches and over will admit one standard knot or one inch of sap. 
Seconds, 5 inches shall be clear. 

6 to 8 inches will admit one standard knot or one inch of sap. 
9 inches and over will admit two standard knots or two inches of sap. 



POPLAR.— (WHITEWOOD SQUARES.) 
4 in. x 4 in. to 12 in. x 12 in. square. 
Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound and free from 
knots and checks, sawed square, and full size when seasoned. 
8 feet shall be admitted if clear. 
Splits to be measured off. 

/Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes and bad 
checks. 
10 and 12 feet lengths admit one standard knot or two inches of 

sap on two corners. 
14 and 16 feet lengths admit two standard knots or two inches of 
sap on two corners. 
These defects are based on 6 x 6 joists, and bear the same ratio in 
other sizes. 

Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 
Other than as above stated shall be, classed as mill culls. 



SYCAMORE. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 
Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width. 
8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 



13 to 15 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side not exceeding 

one inch in width, or one standard knot. 
16 inches and over wide will admit bright sap on one side not ex- 
ceeding two inches in width, or two standard knots. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear. 
8 to 12 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
13 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots. 
16 inches and over wide will admit three standard knots. 

In any widths not more than one-fifth of the surface of one side 
may be sappy. 

Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 

Other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 



SYCAMORE, QUARTERED. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Rejects. 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 to 8 inches wide shall be clear. 
9 to 11 inches and over wide will admit one standard knot, or one 

inch bright sap. 
12 inches and over will admit two standard knots, or two inches of 
bright sap. 

Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 to 8 inches wide will admit one standard knot. 
9 to 11 inches and over in width will admit two standard knots. 
12 inches and over will admit three standard knots. 

In seconds, any width not over one-fifth of the surface may be 
sappy. 

Sap and doted, or discolored wood, not admitted in firsts and sec- 
onds. 

Rejects shall be 6 inches and over wide and shall be at least three- 
quarters merchantable. 

Culls are not marketable. 

STRIPS 

Shall be 3 to 5 inches wide, and shall be clear or clear one face. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION 



WALNUT. 

grades.— Firsts, Seconds, Rejects, and Culls. 

Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 to 10 inches wide shall be clear. 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side, not exceeding 

one inch in width, or one standard knot. 
15 inches and over wide will admit bright sap on one side, not exceed- 
ing two inches in width, or two standard knots. 
Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width. 
6 to 10 inches wide will admit one standard knot or equal defect. 
11 to 14 inches wide will admit two standard knots or equal defect. 
15 inches and over wide will admit three standard knots or equal 
defect. 
In any widths not more than one-fifth of the surface of one side 
shall be sappy. 

Rejects are to be 4 inches and over in width. 
4 and 5 inches wide shall be clear, or clear one side. 
6 inches and over in width shall include all lumber not equal to the 
grade of seconds, three-quarters of each piece being mer- 
chantable. Heart boards or plank not admitted. 
Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of rejects, one-half 
of each piece being merchantable. 
All other than as above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 

walnut SQUARES.— 4 in. x 4 in. to 10 in. x 10 in. square. 

Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound and free from 
knots and checks, and full size when seasoned. 

Splits to be measured off. 

Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts and shakes. 
8 feet lengths shall be admitted if clear. 
10 to 12 feet lengths admit one standard knot and two inches of sap 

on one corner. 
14 to 16 feet lengths will admit two standard knots and three inches 
of sap on one corner. 

Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of seconds^ one-half 
the piece being merchantable. 

Other than above stated shall be classed as mill culls. 



IHSPECTIOH OF LOGS. 



33 



The Committee appointed by the President of the 
New York Lumber Trade Association, in accordance 
with a resolution adopted April 9, have formulated 
the following rules for the inspection of logs. 

These rules were adopted as the rales of the Asso- 
ciation at the meeting held June 26, 1889. 



GENERAL CONDITIONS. 

To be fresh cut, and to grade Firsts, Seconds, and 
Culls. Are to be measured full at the smallest end, 
solid contents, if no other agreement is made between 
parties. Walnut and Cherry, solid contents to be 
measured inside sap, all others to be measured from 
bark to bark. Standard lengths to be 10, 12, 14, and 
16 feet, with not more than 20 per cent, of 10 foot 
lengths. • In Walnut, 8 foot lengths may be standard 
under the rules of Walnut Inspection. A standard 
knot is not to exceed 3 inches in diameter. Rotten 
and wormy logs are classed as Culls. 



OAK AND ASH. 

To be 18 inches and over in diameter. 

Firsts.— Ave to be 24 inches and over in diameter, 
sound, clear, and straight. One straight split ad- 
mitted in one end. 

Seconds.— From 18 to and including 23 inches in 
diameter, to be sound, clear, and straight ; 24 inches 
and over in diameter may have straight splits on one 
or both ends, not to exceed more than one-sixth the 
length of the log, or one straight split and one stand- 
ard sound knot, or two standard sound knots without 
splits. 



INSPECTION OF LOOS 35 

Culls.— Are to include all logs not equal to Firsts 
and Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling 
without waste. 



POPLAR. 

To be 24 inches and over in diameter. 

Firsts.— Are to be 30 inches and over in diameter, 
sound, clear, and straight. One straight split ad- 
mitted. 

Seconds.— From 24 to and including 29 inches in 
diameter, to be sound, clear, and straight ; 30 inches 
and over in diameter may have one standard sound 
knot or straight splits, not to exceed more than one- 
sixth the length of the log. 

Culls. — Are to include all logs not equal to Firsts 
and Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling 
without waste. 



CHERRY. 

To be 16 inches and over in diameter. 

Firsts. — Are to be 18 inches and over in diameter, 
sound, clear, and straight. 

Seconds. — 16 and 17 inches in diameter, to be sound, 
clear, and straight ; 18 inches and over in diameter 
may have straight splits on one or both ends, not to 
exceed more than one-sixth the length of the log, or 
two standard sound knots or hollow, not more than 
six inches in diameter nor more than two feet deep. 
Not more than two of these defects received in this 
grade. 

j Culls. — Are to include all logs not equal to Firsts 
and Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling 
without waste. 



INSPECTION OF LOOS. 37 

Logs 30 to 36 inches in diameter that have a rotten 
heart, not exceeding 9 inches in diameter, and those 
over 36 inches in diameter that have a rotten heart, 
not exceeding 12 inches in diameter, if otherwise 
equal to Firsts, will be classed in that grade. 

The question of gum is left to the judgment of the 
inspector as to classification. 



MAPLE, BIRCH, BEECH. 

15 inches and over in diameter. 

Firsts. — Are to be 20 inches and over in diameter, 
sound, clear, and straight. 

Seconds. — 15 to and including 19 inches in diameter, 
to be sound, clear, and straight ; 20 inches and over 
may have straight splits on one or both ends, not 
equal to more than one-sixth the length of the log, 
or two standard sound knots. 

Logs 30 to 36 inches in diameter tnat have a rotten 
heart, not exceeding 9 inches in diameter, and those 
over 36 inches in diameter that have a rotten heart, 
not exceeding 12 inches in diameter, if otherwise 
equal to Firsts, will be classed in that grade. Logs 
of this character not admitted in shipping grade. 

The following resolution concerning the issuance 
of a certificate was offered, and will come up for final 
action at the next meeting. 

Resolved, That shipping logs of Poplar, Oak, Ash, 
Maple, and Birch, consisting of 90 per cent. Firsts and 
10 per cent. Seconds, and Walnut and Cherry, con- 
sisting of 80 per cent. Firsts and 20 per cent. Seconds, 
shall be classed as "Prime." 

And Poplar, Oak, Ash, Maple, and Birch, con- 
sisting of 65 per cent. Firsts and 35 per cent. Seconds, 



INSPECTION OF LOGS. 39 

and Walnut and Cherry, consisting of 50 per cent. 
Firsts and 50 per cent. Seconds, shall be classed as 
"Good." 

Certificates of Inspection under this Resolution will 
be signed by the Inspector, and when desired the 
Secretary of the Association shall certify that the 
inspector is a licensed inspector and shall sign and 
attach to such certificate the seal of the Association. 

Culls.— Axe to include all logs not equal to Firsts 
and Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling 
without waste. 



WALNUT. 

Round and Shipping, 16 inches and over in diame- 
ter. Shipping logs are to be dressed to lines on four 
sides straight, with rounded corners. 

Firsts.— Are to be 22 inches and over in diameter, 
sound, clear, and straight, and will include 10 per 
cent, of eight foot lengths. 

Seconds.— 16 to and including 19 inches in diameter 
will be sound and straight, one standard sound knot 
admitted. 20 inches and over in diameter will admit 
straight splits, not more than one-sixth the length of 
the log, two sound standard knots, or one sound and 
one unsound standard knot, and sound sided hollow 
not more than 6 inches in diameter, nor more than 
two feet deep. Not more than two of these defects 
received in this grade. 

Culls.— Are to include all logs not equal to Firsts 
and Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling 
without waste. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION, 41 



Yellow Pine 



Scantling shall embrace all sizes from two to five inches in 
thickness and two to six inches in width. Eor example : 2 x 2, 2 x 3, 
2x4, 2 x 5, 2 x 6, 3 x 3, 3 x 4, 3x5, 3x6, 4 x 4, 4 x 5, 4x6, 5x5, and 
5x6. 

Plank shall embrace all sizes from one and one-half to five inches 
in thickness by seven inches and up in width. 1}^, 2, 2J^, 3, 3^, 4, 4J-6, 
5x7 and up wide. 

Dimension Sizes shall embrace all sizes six inches and up in thick- 
ness by seven inches and up in width, including six by six. For 
example : 6 x 6, 6 x 7, 7 x 7, 7 x 8, 8 x 8, 8 x 9, and up. 

Stepping shall embrace one to two and one-half inches in thick- 
ness by seven inches and up in width. For example: 1, 1J4> V4-, 
2, 2^ x 7 and up wide. 

Rough Edge or Flitch shall embrace all sizes one inch and up 
in thickness by eight inches and up in width, sawed on two sides 
only. For example : 1, V4, 2, 3, 4 and up thick, by 8 and up wide, 
sawed on two sides only. 



SQUARE EDGED INSPECTION. 

Scantling shall be free from injurious shakes, unsound knots or 
knots to impair strength ; sap no objection. 

Plank shall be free from unsound knots, wane through or round 
shakes ; sap no objection. 

Dimension Sizes: Sap no objection; no wane edges; no shakes to 
show on outside of stick. 

All Stock to be well and truly manufactured full to sizes and 
saw butted. 



MERCHANTABLE INSPECTION. 

Scantling shall show three corners heart free from injurious 
shakes or unsound knots. 

Plank, nine inches and under wide, shall show one heart face and 
two-thirds heart on opposite side ; over nine inches wide shall show 
two-thirds heart on both sides, all free from round or through 
shakes, large or unsound knots. 



42 NEW YORK INSPECTION. 



Dimension Sizes : All square lumber shall show two-thirds heart 
on two sides, and not less than one-half heart on two other sides. 
Other sizes shall show two-thirds heart on faces and show heart two- 
thirds of the length on edges, excepting where the width exceeds 
the thickness by three inches or over, then it shall show heart on the 
edges for one-half its length. 

Stepping shall show three corners heart, free from shakes and all 
knots exceeding half an inch in diameter and not more than six in a 
board. 

Rough Edge or Flitch shall be sawed from good heart timber, 
and shall be measured in the middle on the narrow face, free from 
injurious shakes or unsound knots. 

All Stock to be well and truly manufactured full to size and saw 
butted. 



PRIME INSPECTION. 

Scantling shall show three corners heart, and not to exceed one 
inch of sap on fourth corner, measured diagonally, free from heart, 
shakes, large or unsound knots. 

Plank shall show one entire heart face on opposite face not ex- 
ceeding one-sixth its width of sap on each corner, free from un- 
sound knots, through or round shakes : sap to be measured on face. 

Dimension Sizes : On all square sizes the sap on each corner shall 
not exceed one-sixth the width of the face. When the width does 
not exceed the thickness by three inches, to show half heart on nar- 
row faces, the entire length exceeding three inches, to show heart 
on narrow faces the entire length ; sap on wide faces to be measured 
as on square sizes. 

Rough Edge or Flitch shall be measured in the middle or nar- 
row face inside of sap, free from shakes or unsound knots. 



CLEAR INSPECTION. 

Scantling and Plank shall be free of sap, large knots or other 
defects. 

Dimension Sizes shall be free from sap, large or unsound knots, 
shakes, through or round. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 43 

DESIGNATIONS OF THE TRADE. 

Resawed Lumber. Lumber sawn on four sides. 
Rough Edge or Flitch. Lumber sawn on two sides. 
Timber. Hewn only. 

MERCHANTABLE FLOORING. 

linch and 1)4 inches in thickness, and from 3 to 6 inches in width, 
and shall show one face free from sap and two-thirds heart the entire 
length on the opposite face. 

Shall be free from rot, split, shakes, and unsound knots ; sound 
knots to be allowed as follows, viz.: Two knots in boards under 16 
feet long' ; three knots in boards 16 feet long- and over, of not over 1 
inch in diameter, or six knots if not over % an inch in diameter. 

MERCHANTABLE FLOORrNG PLANK. 

1}4 to 3 inches in thickness, and 5 to 10 inches in width, shall show 
one face free from sap, except on each edge of the face ; \i inch of 
sap shall be allowed and two-thirds heart on opposite face. Free 
from rot, split, shakes, unsound knots, and knots exceeding 1J4 
inches in diameter. 

MERCHANTABLE WIDE BOARDS AND PLANK. 

1 inch to 2 inches in thickness, and 10 to 14 inches in width, shall 
show one face free from sap and two-thirds heart entire length on 
opposite face. Free from rot, through shakes, splits, and unsound 
knots. Six sound knots of 1 inch and under in diameter, or three of 
1)4 inches in diameter, to be allowed in any piece. 

PRIME WIDE BOARDS AND PLANK. 

1 to 2 inches in thickness, and 10 to 14 inches in width, shall show 
one face and one edge free from sap, and two-thirds heart on the 
other face the entire length. Free from rot, shakes, splits, and 
knots. 

MERCHANTABLE SIDINGS. 

1 inch, 1*4 inches and 1J^ inches in thickness and 4 inches and over 
in width. Sap shall be allowed on the face, or best side (regardless 
of sap on the opposite face), as follows: One-half inch on one edge 
on boards 1 inches and under in width, and one-half inch on each 



44 NEW YORK INSPECTION. 



edge of boards over 7 inches wide. Must be free from through 
shakes, rot, splits, and unsound knots, and on the face side the fol- 
lowing allowance for knots shall be made, viz.: Three sound knots 
not exceeding 1 inch in diameter in boards under 14 feet long ; four 
sound knots not exceeding 1 inch in diameter in boards 14 feet long 
and over, or six sound knots not exceeding one-half inch in diameter 
in boards of any length. 

In the measurement of Boards, Flooring, and Sidings, \\i inches 
and under in thickness, the fractions of a foot in contents less than 
■& shall be thrown off, T 6 o and over shall be counted as a foot. 

In the measurement of Merchantable Sidings, as to widths, they 
shall be measured whole and half inch only. 

For example : 4 in., i\i in., 5 in., o}4 in., 6 in., 6^j in., etc., wide. 



Cypress Inspection Rules, 



LUMBER. 

All lumber shall be 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 feet in length (except 
Tank Stock), 1, 1*4, % 2, 2\4, 3, 3^ and 4 inches thick, and be classed 
as Tank Stock, First and Second Clear, Select, Shop, and Merchantable. 

Tank Stock shall be 5 inches and over in width, 1*4 to 3 inches 
thick, and 8 feet and over long. It may have sap 1 inch wide on one 
side, to extend not over half the length and half the thickness of 
the piece, and sound knots that do not impair its usefulness for tank 
purposes. 

First and Second Clear shall be 8 inches and over in width, and 
clear up to 9 inches. Pieces 10 to 12 inches wide may have two sound 
standard knots of 1J4 inches in diameter and 3 inches of sound bright 
sap, and for every 3 inches in width over 12 inches an additional 
standard knot and an additional inch of sound bright sap. Pieces 
wider than 10 inches may be half sound bright sap if free from 
other defects. 



NEW YORK INSPECTION. 45 



Selects shall be 7 inches and over in width, will admit two standard 
knots of 1J4 inches in diameter in pieces 10 inches or under in width, 
and an additional standard knot for every 2 inches in width above 
10 inches. Sound sap not to be considered a defect. 

Above grades must be free of shake and peck. 

Shop to be 7 inches or over in width, and includes all lumber that 
will not go into above grades, but that will cut for shop use so as to 
work three-fourths without waste. 

Merchantable or Common may be any width, admitting sap, knots, 
and shakes, or peck when the strength is not impaired. 



DRESSED LUMBER. 

All stock, after being worked, shall be divided into five classes : 
"Clear Heart," "A," "B,""C," and "D," and the several grades 
shall be defined as follows : 

" Which shall be in lengths 10 to 20 feet." 

"Clear Heart" must be clear of all sap or knots, and without 
blemish. 

" A " must have heart face, but may have 1 inch of sap on thin 
edge, and may contain one small knot, and may have bright sap one- 
fourth its width for 6 inches from one end, or a check in one end, and 
not exceeding 6 inches in length. 

" B " may have one-third of face bright sap, if otherwise clear, or, 
in lieu of one-third sap, can contain two small sound knots, and 
may have checks at one end not over 9 inches long. 

"C" may be all bright sap, or may have one to five knots, the 
whole not aggregating over 3 inches, or knots or other defects that 
can be removed in two cuts, with waste not exceeding 12 inches in 
length, or three pin-worm holes, an d may have check or split at one 
end not exceeding 12 inches in length. 

"D" may have stain sap, also pin-worm holes, unsound knots, 
shake, split, or other defects that will not impair its usefulness to 
exceed one-third. 



46 NEW YORK INSPECTION. 



SHINGLES. 

"Bests."— A dimension shingle; each width separately bunched; 
16 inches Jong; five butts to measure 2 inches; all heart; free of 
shakes, knots, and other defects. 

" Primes."— A dimension shingle ; each width separately bunched ; 
16 inches long ; five butts to measure 2 inches ; admitting tight knots 
and sap ; free of shakes and other defects. 

" Extra xAx."—A random width shingle, 3 inches and over in 
width, and may admit shingles 14 inches long. Free from unsound 
knots and shakes 10 inches from butt. 

" Clippers."— A random width shingle, not good enough to be in 
eluded in above grades. 

All sales are made in accordance with above rules. 



M 



